Is Hemlock Good Firewood to Burn? A Comprehensive Guide

When it comes to selecting the right firewood for your home heating needs, the question “Is hemlock good firewood to burn?” often arises among homeowners and outdoor enthusiasts. Hemlock, a coniferous tree found in various regions across North America and parts of Asia, has been used as firewood for generations. However, its effectiveness and suitability as a fuel source have been subjects of debate. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the characteristics of hemlock as firewood, its pros and cons, and how it compares to other popular wood types. By the end of this article, you’ll have a clear understanding of whether hemlock is a good choice for your fireplace, wood stove, or outdoor fire pit.

Understanding Hemlock as a Tree Species

Before diving into hemlock’s qualities as firewood, it’s essential to understand the tree itself. This knowledge will provide context for its burning characteristics and overall suitability as a fuel source.

Hemlock Tree Varieties

There are several species of hemlock trees, but the two most common in North America are:

1. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): Native to eastern North America, this species is found from northeastern Minnesota to southern Quebec and Nova Scotia, extending south to northern Georgia and Alabama.
2. Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla): This species is native to the Pacific Northwest, ranging from southern Alaska to northwestern California and eastward to the northern Rocky Mountains.

Other less common species include Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana).

Physical Characteristics of Hemlock Trees

Hemlock trees are known for their distinctive appearance:

• Height: They can grow up to 100-150 feet tall, depending on the species and growing conditions.
• Bark: The bark is thick, ridged, and often reddish-brown in color.
• Needles: Hemlock needles are short, flat, and arranged in two rows along the branches.
• Cones: The trees produce small, oval-shaped cones that hang downward from the branches.

Growing Conditions and Habitat

Hemlock trees thrive in:

• Cool, moist climates
• Well-drained soils
• Partially shaded areas, often as an understory tree in mixed forests

Understanding these characteristics helps explain some of the properties of hemlock wood when used as firewood.

Properties of Hemlock Wood

To evaluate hemlock as firewood, we need to examine its key properties that affect burning quality.

Density and Weight

Hemlock is classified as a softwood, which generally means:

• Lower density compared to hardwoods
• Lighter weight per volume
• Faster growth rate

These factors influence how the wood burns and its heat output.

Moisture Content

Like all trees, hemlock contains moisture when freshly cut:

• Green hemlock can have a moisture content of 60-100%
• Properly seasoned hemlock should have a moisture content below 20%

The moisture content significantly affects the wood’s burning efficiency and heat output.

Resin Content

As a coniferous tree, hemlock contains resin:

• Resin can contribute to faster ignition
• It may cause more sparking and popping during burning
• Higher resin content can lead to creosote buildup in chimneys

Grain Structure

Hemlock wood has a relatively straight grain structure:

• This can make it easier to split for firewood
• It may affect how the wood burns and the consistency of the fire

Understanding these properties is crucial in assessing hemlock’s performance as firewood.

Burning Characteristics of Hemlock

Now that we’ve examined the properties of hemlock wood, let’s explore how these translate into its burning characteristics.

Heat Output

One of the most important factors in choosing firewood is its heat output, often measured in British Thermal Units (BTUs) per cord.

Wood Type	BTUs per Cord
Hemlock	15.9 million
Oak	24.6 million
Pine	14.3 million
Maple	21.3 million

As we can see, hemlock produces moderate heat output:

• It generates more heat than some other softwoods like pine
• However, it falls short of hardwoods like oak and maple
• This makes hemlock a decent choice for moderate heating needs or shoulder seasons

Burn Time and Fire Sustainability

The density and moisture content of hemlock affect its burn time:

• Hemlock tends to burn faster than denser hardwoods
• It may require more frequent refueling to maintain a consistent fire
• Well-seasoned hemlock will burn more efficiently and for longer than green wood

Ease of Ignition

Hemlock’s resin content and lower density contribute to its ignition characteristics:

• It’s generally easy to light, especially when properly seasoned
• The resin can help the wood catch fire quickly
• This makes hemlock an excellent choice for starting fires or kindling

Smoke Production

The amount and quality of smoke produced by burning wood is an important consideration:

• Properly seasoned hemlock produces relatively low amounts of smoke
• However, burning green or wet hemlock can result in excessive smoke
• The resin content may contribute to a distinct aroma when burned

Sparking and Popping

Due to its resin content, hemlock may exhibit more sparking and popping than some other woods:

• This can create a lively and visually appealing fire
• However, it may pose a safety concern, especially for open fireplaces
• Using a fireplace screen is recommended when burning hemlock

Coaling Properties

The ability of wood to form and maintain hot coals affects its overall burning performance:

• Hemlock tends to form fewer and less long-lasting coals compared to hardwoods
• This can result in less residual heat after the flames have died down
• It may require more frequent attention to maintain a consistent heat output

Understanding these burning characteristics helps in deciding whether hemlock is suitable for your specific heating needs and preferences.

Pros and Cons of Using Hemlock as Firewood

To make an informed decision about using hemlock as firewood, it’s helpful to weigh its advantages and disadvantages.

Pros of Burning Hemlock

1. Availability: In regions where hemlock trees are common, the wood may be readily available and affordable.
2. Easy Ignition: Its resin content and lower density make hemlock easy to light, making it excellent for starting fires.
3. Pleasant Aroma: Many people enjoy the distinct, often described as sweet, smell of burning hemlock.
4. Moderate Heat Output: While not the hottest-burning wood, hemlock provides adequate heat for mild weather or supplemental heating.
5. Low Smoke When Seasoned: Properly dried hemlock produces relatively little smoke, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
6. Straight Grain: The straight grain of hemlock makes it relatively easy to split, which is beneficial for preparing firewood.

Cons of Burning Hemlock

1. Lower Heat Output: Compared to dense hardwoods, hemlock doesn’t produce as much heat per volume.
2. Faster Burn Rate: Hemlock tends to burn more quickly than hardwoods, requiring more frequent refueling.
3. Potential for Sparking: The resin content can cause more sparking and popping, which may be a safety concern in open fireplaces.
4. Less Coal Production: Hemlock doesn’t form long-lasting coals, which can affect the fire’s longevity and heat retention.
5. Creosote Buildup: Like other softwoods, hemlock can contribute to creosote accumulation in chimneys if not burned properly.
6. Moisture Retention: Hemlock can take longer to season properly compared to some other wood types.

By considering these pros and cons, you can determine if hemlock aligns with your firewood needs and preferences.

Preparing Hemlock for Use as Firewood

Proper preparation is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and safety of burning hemlock as firewood.

Harvesting Hemlock

When harvesting hemlock for firewood:

• Choose mature, healthy trees
• Avoid trees with signs of disease or pest infestation
• Follow local regulations and obtain necessary permits for harvesting

Seasoning Hemlock Wood

Proper seasoning is essential for optimal burning:

1. Cut the wood to the appropriate length for your fireplace or stove.
2. Split the logs to increase surface area and speed up drying.
3. Stack the wood in a way that allows for good air circulation.
4. Cover the top of the stack to protect from rain and snow, but leave the sides open for airflow.
5. Allow at least 6-12 months for proper seasoning, depending on local climate conditions.
6. Use a moisture meter to ensure the wood has reached a moisture content below 20% before burning.

Storing Hemlock Firewood

Proper storage helps maintain the quality of seasoned hemlock:

• Keep the wood off the ground to prevent moisture absorption
• Store in a dry, well-ventilated area
• Consider using a woodshed or covered storage area
• Rotate your stock, using the oldest wood first

Safety Considerations

When preparing and handling hemlock firewood:

• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety glasses
• Be cautious of falling branches when harvesting
• Use proper lifting techniques to avoid injury
• Keep the wood storage area clear of debris and potential fire hazards

By following these preparation guidelines, you can ensure that your hemlock firewood is ready for efficient and safe use.

Comparing Hemlock to Other Common Firewood Types

To better understand hemlock’s place in the firewood hierarchy, it’s useful to compare it to other commonly used wood types.

Hemlock vs. Other Softwoods

Comparing hemlock to other softwoods:

1. Pine:
   • Similar in density and ease of ignition
   • Hemlock generally has slightly higher heat output
   • Pine may have more resin, leading to more sparking and creosote buildup
2. Cedar:
   • Cedar has a lower density and burns faster than hemlock
   • Both have pleasant aromas when burned
   • Cedar may produce more sparks and pops
3. Spruce:
   • Similar burning characteristics to hemlock
   • Spruce may be slightly less dense and burn faster
   • Both are good for kindling and starting fires

Hemlock vs. Hardwoods

Comparing hemlock to common hardwoods:

1. Oak:
   • Oak has significantly higher density and heat output
   • Oak burns slower and produces longer-lasting coals
   • Hemlock is easier to ignite and produces less smoke when seasoned
2. Maple:
   • Maple has higher heat output and burns longer than hemlock
   • Hemlock is generally easier to split and ignite
   • Maple produces better coals for overnight burning
3. Birch:
   • Birch has higher heat output but burns faster than some other hardwoods
   • Both birch and hemlock are good for quick, hot fires
   • Birch bark is excellent for starting fires, similar to hemlock’s resinous wood

This comparison illustrates that while hemlock may not be the top-tier firewood choice, it has its place and can be a valuable addition to a diverse firewood supply.

Best Uses for Hemlock Firewood

Understanding the characteristics of hemlock helps identify its most suitable applications as firewood.

Kindling and Fire Starting

Hemlock excels as kindling and for starting fires:

• Its resinous nature and lower density make it easy to ignite
• Small pieces of hemlock can help get a fire going quickly
• It’s particularly useful for starting fires in damp or cold conditions

Shoulder Season Heating

Hemlock is well-suited for mild weather heating:

• Its moderate heat output is ideal for spring and fall
• It can take the chill off without overheating your space
• Useful for occasional fires during transitional seasons

Mixing with Other Woods

Combining hemlock with other wood types can optimize your fire:

• Use hemlock to start the fire and add denser woods for sustained heat
• Mix hemlock with hardwoods to balance quick ignition and long-lasting heat
• Alternate layers of hemlock and hardwoods when building a fire for optimal performance

Outdoor Fire Pits and Campfires

Hemlock can be an excellent choice for outdoor burning:

• Its pleasant aroma enhances the outdoor experience
• Quick ignition is beneficial for campfires
• The moderate heat output is suitable for gathering around a fire pit

Supplemental Heat Source

While not ideal as a primary heat source, hemlock works well for supplemental heating:

• Use in a secondary fireplace or wood stove
• Provides quick heat for short periods
• Useful for zone heating in specific areas of your home

Cooking and Smoking

In some cases, hemlock can be used for cooking and smoking:

• The mild flavor imparted by hemlock smoke can be suitable for some foods
• However, it’s important to use only the wood, not the needles or bark, which can be toxic
• Other wood types are generally preferred for cooking due to their flavor profiles

By understanding these optimal uses, you can make the most of hemlock firewood in your heating and outdoor activities.

Safety Considerations When Burning Hemlock

While hemlock can be a useful firewood, there are several safety considerations to keep in mind:

Creosote Buildup

Like other softwoods, hemlock can contribute to creosote accumulation:

• Ensure your chimney is cleaned regularly, at least once a year
• Burn only well-seasoned hemlock to minimize creosote production
• Use a chimney thermometer to maintain proper burning temperatures

Sparking and Popping

The resinous nature of hemlock can cause increased sparking:

• Always use a fireplace screen when burning hemlock indoors
• Keep flammable materials away from the fireplace or stove
• Be extra cautious when using hemlock in open fire pits

Proper Ventilation

Ensure adequate ventilation when burning any wood, including hemlock:

• Keep flues and dampers open when the fire is burning
• Install and maintain carbon monoxide detectors in your home
• Never burn wood in an unvented space

Toxicity Concerns

While hemlock wood is safe to burn, other parts of the tree can be toxic:

• Never burn hemlock leaves, needles, or bark
• Avoid using hemlock for cooking unless you’re certain only the wood is being used
• Keep pets and children away from hemlock debris

Fire Management

Proper fire management is crucial for safe and efficient burning:

• Don’t overload your fireplace or stove with too much wood
• Maintain a controlled burn rather than a smoldering fire
• Allow fires to burn down completely before leaving them unattended

By adhering to these safety guidelines, you can enjoy the benefits of hemlock firewood while minimizing potential risks.

Environmental Considerations

When using any type of firewood, including hemlock, it’s important to consider the environmental impact:

Sustainable Harvesting

Practice sustainable harvesting of hemlock:

• Only harvest trees from areas where it’s permitted and sustainable
• Consider the role of hemlock in local ecosystems before harvesting
• Replant or allow natural regeneration to maintain forest health

Carbon Footprint

While wood is a renewable resource, consider its carbon impact:

• Burning wood releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere
• However, when harvested sustainably, new growth can offset this release
• Compare the carbon footprint of wood heating to other heating methods in your area

Local Ecosystems

Hemlock plays a vital role in many forest ecosystems:

• In some regions, hemlock forests are threatened by pests like the hemlock woolly adelgid
• Consider the local ecological impact before harvesting hemlock for firewood
• Consult with local forestry officials for guidance on sustainable use

Air Quality

Burning wood can affect local air quality:

• Use only dry, seasoned hemlock to minimize smoke production
• Consider local air quality regulations and advisories
• Use efficient, EPA-certified wood stoves when possible to reduce emissions

By being mindful of these environmental factors, you can use hemlock firewood in a more sustainable and responsible manner.

Common Questions About Burning Hemlock

Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about using hemlock as firewood:

Is hemlock safe to burn indoors?

Yes, hemlock is safe to burn indoors when properly seasoned and used in a well-maintained fireplace or wood stove. However, like all woods, it should be burned with proper ventilation and safety precautions in place.

How long does it take to season hemlock firewood?

Hemlock typically takes 6-12 months to properly season, depending on the climate and storage conditions. The goal is to reduce the moisture content to below 20%, which can be verified using a moisture meter.

Can hemlock be used for cooking or smoking food?

While hemlock wood can be used for cooking or smoking, it’s not a top choice due to its resinous nature and mild flavor. If used, ensure only the wood is burned, as other parts of the tree can be toxic. Many prefer fruit

Conclusion

In answering the question “Is hemlock good firewood to burn?”, we’ve explored the various aspects of using hemlock as a fuel source. While it may not be the top choice for high-heat output or long-lasting burns, hemlock certainly has its place in the firewood spectrum. Its easy ignition, pleasant aroma, and moderate heat make it suitable for shoulder seasons and mixed-wood fires. When properly seasoned and used with appropriate safety measures, hemlock can be a valuable addition to your firewood supply. As with any wood-burning practice, consider the environmental impact and local regulations. Ultimately, hemlock’s effectiveness as firewood depends on your specific needs, heating setup, and geographical location.

External Links:

1. U.S. Forest Service: Hemlock Species Information https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tsuspp/all.html
2. Environmental Protection Agency: Burn Wise – Best Burn Practices https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/best-burn-practices
3. National Firewood Association: Firewood Facts https://nationalfirewoodassociation.org/firewood-facts/
4. Penn State Extension: Firewood – Characteristics of Various Woods https://extension.psu.edu/firewood-characteristics-of-various-woods
5. Chimney Safety Institute of America: Creosote and Chimney Fires https://www.csia.org/homeowner-resources/creosote-and-chimney-fires/