What Is a Cord of Firewood: The Ultimate Guide

When it comes to heating your home with wood or purchasing firewood for various purposes, understanding the term “cord” is crucial. What is a cord of firewood? This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the world of firewood measurement, exploring the definition, history, and practical applications of this standard unit. From its origins to modern-day usage, we’ll cover everything you need to know about cords of firewood, including how to measure, stack, and purchase them effectively. Whether you’re a seasoned woodburner or new to the world of firewood, this article will equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions and get the most value from your firewood purchases.

The Definition and Origins of a Cord of Firewood

What Exactly Is a Cord of Firewood?

A cord of firewood is a standard unit of measurement used to quantify stacked firewood. It is defined as a well-stacked pile of wood measuring 4 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet long, occupying a total volume of 128 cubic feet. This measurement includes both the wood and the air spaces between the pieces. The term “cord” is widely used in North America and is recognized as an official measurement in most states and provinces.

Historical Background of the Cord Measurement

The use of the term “cord” to measure firewood dates back to the 17th century. Its origins are believed to be linked to the cord or string used to measure and tie bundles of wood together. Over time, this method of measurement became standardized, providing a consistent way to quantify and trade firewood.

In the early days of colonial America, firewood was a crucial commodity for heating, cooking, and various industrial processes. The need for a uniform measurement system led to the adoption of the cord as a standard unit. This standardization helped prevent disputes between buyers and sellers and facilitated fair trade practices in the firewood industry.

Legal Definition and Variations

While the standard cord measurement is widely accepted, it’s important to note that there can be slight variations in its legal definition across different regions. For instance:

1. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a cord as 128 cubic feet of compactly piled wood, including air spaces.
2. In Canada, the Weights and Measures Act defines a cord similarly but specifies that the wood must be “ranked and well stowed.”
3. Some jurisdictions may have additional requirements, such as specifying the maximum length of individual pieces within a cord.

These variations highlight the importance of understanding local regulations when buying or selling firewood.

Dimensions and Characteristics of a Cord of Firewood

Standard Measurements of a Cord

As mentioned earlier, the standard dimensions of a cord of firewood are:

• Height: 4 feet (48 inches)
• Width: 4 feet (48 inches)
• Length: 8 feet (96 inches)

These measurements result in a total volume of 128 cubic feet. However, it’s crucial to understand that this volume includes both the solid wood and the air spaces between the pieces. The actual amount of solid wood in a cord can vary depending on factors such as the size and shape of the individual pieces, how tightly they are stacked, and the species of wood.

Factors Affecting the Solid Wood Content in a Cord

Several factors influence the amount of solid wood present in a cord:

1. Wood piece size and shape: Straighter, more uniform pieces tend to stack more tightly, resulting in more solid wood per cord.
2. Stacking method: A well-stacked cord will have less air space and more wood than a loosely stacked one.
3. Wood species: Different tree species have varying densities and shapes, affecting how they stack and the resulting solid wood content.
4. Bark thickness: Trees with thicker bark will have less solid wood content per cord compared to those with thinner bark.
5. Splitting method: The way wood is split can affect how tightly it stacks, impacting the solid wood content.

Typical Weight of a Cord of Firewood

The weight of a cord of firewood can vary significantly depending on the wood species and its moisture content. Here’s a table showing the approximate weight ranges for a cord of different wood types:

Wood Type	Green Weight (lbs)	Dry Weight (lbs)
Oak	5,500 – 6,500	4,200 – 5,000
Maple	4,600 – 5,400	3,700 – 4,400
Pine	4,300 – 4,900	2,500 – 3,000
Birch	4,800 – 5,200	3,800 – 4,200
Ash	4,500 – 5,000	3,500 – 4,100
Hickory	5,400 – 6,100	4,200 – 4,900

Note: These weights are approximate and can vary based on factors such as moisture content, specific species within each wood type, and growing conditions.

How to Measure and Stack a Cord of Firewood

Tools and Techniques for Accurate Measurement

Measuring a cord of firewood accurately is essential for both buyers and sellers. Here are the tools and techniques you’ll need:

1. Measuring tape: A long tape measure (at least 8 feet) is crucial for measuring the dimensions of your woodpile.
2. Calculator: To compute the volume of your stack and determine if it equals a full cord.
3. Straight edges: Long boards or poles can help ensure your stack is even and properly aligned.
4. Level: Use this to check that your stack is flat on top and sides are vertical.

To measure a cord:

1. Measure the height, width, and length of your stack in feet.
2. Multiply these three measurements together to get the total volume in cubic feet.
3. If the result is 128 cubic feet, you have a full cord.

Proper Stacking Techniques for Maximum Efficiency

Proper stacking is crucial not only for accurate measurement but also for wood seasoning and storage efficiency. Follow these guidelines:

1. Choose a suitable location: Select a spot that’s easily accessible, well-drained, and receives sunlight and air circulation.
2. Use a sturdy base: Place the wood on pallets or 2x4s to keep it off the ground, preventing moisture absorption and decay.
3. Stack methodically: Place logs parallel to each other, with ends aligned. Alternate the direction of each layer for stability.
4. Create a stable structure: Use larger, straighter pieces at the bottom and sides for support. Fill gaps with smaller pieces.
5. Allow for air circulation: Leave small spaces between logs to promote airflow, which aids in drying.
6. Build to the correct height: Remember that a standard cord is 4 feet high. Use a measuring stick to ensure consistency.
7. Cover the top: Use a tarp or shed roof to protect the wood from rain and snow, but leave the sides open for ventilation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Measuring a Cord

1. Neglecting air spaces: Remember that a cord includes air spaces. Don’t assume tightly packed wood represents more value.
2. Incorrect stacking: Loose or haphazard stacking can lead to overestimation of the wood volume.
3. Assuming all wood pieces are uniform: Variations in log sizes can affect the overall volume and solid wood content.
4. Not accounting for settling: Freshly stacked wood may settle over time, reducing the overall height.
5. Measuring only the face cord: Some sellers may only show the face of the stack (4×8 feet). Ensure you’re getting the full 4x4x8 feet volume.
6. Ignoring local regulations: Be aware of any specific measurement requirements in your area.
7. Not considering wood quality: While volume is important, also consider factors like wood type, seasoning, and overall quality.

Types of Firewood and Their Characteristics

Hardwoods vs. Softwoods: Which Is Better for Firewood?

When choosing firewood, the debate between hardwoods and softwoods is common. Each has its advantages and ideal uses:

Hardwoods:

• Examples: Oak, maple, hickory, ash
• Characteristics: Dense, slow-burning, high heat output
• Best for: Long-lasting fires, overnight burning, heating
• Pros: Less frequent refueling, less creosote buildup
• Cons: More expensive, harder to ignite

Softwoods:

• Examples: Pine, fir, cedar, spruce
• Characteristics: Less dense, quick-burning, moderate heat output
• Best for: Quick fires, kindling, shoulder seasons
• Pros: Easier to ignite, less expensive
• Cons: Burns faster, may produce more smoke and creosote

The choice between hardwood and softwood often depends on your specific needs, local availability, and personal preferences.

Popular Firewood Species and Their Properties

Here’s a breakdown of some popular firewood species and their characteristics:

1. Oak:
   • Heat output: Very high
   • Ease of splitting: Moderate
   • Smoke: Low
   • Sparks: Few
   • Coaling qualities: Excellent
2. Maple:
   • Heat output: High
   • Ease of splitting: Easy to moderate
   • Smoke: Low
   • Sparks: Few
   • Coaling qualities: Good
3. Hickory:
   • Heat output: Very high
   • Ease of splitting: Difficult
   • Smoke: Low
   • Sparks: Few
   • Coaling qualities: Excellent
4. Ash:
   • Heat output: High
   • Ease of splitting: Easy
   • Smoke: Low
   • Sparks: Few
   • Coaling qualities: Good
5. Pine:
   • Heat output: Moderate
   • Ease of splitting: Easy
   • Smoke: Moderate
   • Sparks: Many
   • Coaling qualities: Poor
6. Cherry:
   • Heat output: Moderate
   • Ease of splitting: Easy
   • Smoke: Low
   • Sparks: Few
   • Coaling qualities: Good

Seasoning Firewood: Why It’s Important and How to Do It

Seasoning firewood refers to the process of drying wood to reduce its moisture content. This process is crucial for several reasons:

1. Improved efficiency: Dry wood burns hotter and more efficiently than wet wood.
2. Reduced smoke: Seasoned wood produces less smoke, reducing air pollution and creosote buildup in chimneys.
3. Easier ignition: Dry wood is much easier to light than wet wood.
4. Better heat output: Seasoned wood provides more usable heat per cord.

To properly season firewood:

1. Cut and split wood to the desired size.
2. Stack wood in a way that allows for maximum air circulation.
3. Store wood off the ground to prevent moisture absorption.
4. Cover the top of the stack to protect from rain and snow, but leave sides open for airflow.
5. Allow wood to season for at least 6-12 months, depending on the species and climate.
6. Use a moisture meter to check when wood reaches 20% or less moisture content.

Properly seasoned wood will have visible cracks at the ends, a grayish color, and make a hollow sound when two pieces are knocked together.

Buying and Selling Firewood: What You Need to Know

Understanding Firewood Pricing and Value

When buying or selling firewood, understanding pricing and value is crucial. Several factors influence the cost of a cord of firewood:

1. Wood species: Hardwoods typically cost more than softwoods due to their higher heat output and longer burn time.
2. Seasoning: Properly seasoned wood often commands a higher price than green (unseasoned) wood.
3. Location: Prices can vary significantly based on local supply and demand, transportation costs, and regional preferences.
4. Time of year: Firewood prices often peak during the cold season due to increased demand.
5. Delivery and stacking: Some sellers charge extra for delivery and stacking services.
6. Volume discounts: Buying multiple cords at once may result in a lower per-cord price.

To assess the value of firewood:

• Compare prices from multiple sellers
• Consider the wood species and its suitability for your needs
• Check the seasoning status of the wood
• Factor in any additional services like delivery and stacking
• Calculate the price per BTU (British Thermal Unit) if comparing different wood species

Tips for Buying Firewood

When purchasing firewood, keep these tips in mind:

1. Buy early: Purchase firewood in spring or summer when prices are typically lower.
2. Verify the volume: Ensure you’re getting a full cord or the agreed-upon amount.
3. Check seasoning: Ask about the wood’s moisture content or use a moisture meter to check.
4. Inspect the wood: Look for signs of disease, insect infestation, or excessive rot.
5. Ask about the species: Know what type of wood you’re buying and its characteristics.
6. Consider delivery and stacking: Factor these costs into your budget if not included.
7. Get it in writing: Request a receipt that includes the amount, price, and wood species.
8. Buy local: Purchasing locally reduces transportation costs and helps prevent the spread of invasive species.
9. Check regulations: Be aware of any local restrictions on firewood transportation or burning.

Legal Considerations for Selling Firewood

If you’re selling firewood, be aware of these legal considerations:

1. Measurement laws: Familiarize yourself with state and local laws regarding firewood measurement and sales.
2. Licensing and permits: Check if you need any business licenses or permits to sell firewood in your area.
3. Tax obligations: Understand your tax responsibilities for firewood sales.
4. Truthful advertising: Accurately represent the quantity, species, and condition of the wood you’re selling.
5. Quarantine regulations: Be aware of any restrictions on transporting firewood across state or county lines due to pest concerns.
6. Consumer protection laws: Understand your obligations regarding refunds, exchanges, and dispute resolution.
7. Liability insurance: Consider obtaining insurance to protect your business from potential claims.
8. Environmental regulations: Comply with any local regulations regarding harvesting, processing, or storing firewood.

Alternative Measurements and Terms Related to Firewood

Face Cord, Rick, and Other Regional Terms

While a full cord is the standard measurement for firewood, various regional terms and alternative measurements exist:

1. Face Cord:
   • Also known as a rick or run
   • Typically measures 4 feet high by 8 feet long
   • Depth varies, often 16-18 inches (the length of a typical firewood piece)
   • Approximately one-third of a full cord
2. Rick:
   • Similar to a face cord in many regions
   • Dimensions can vary by location
   • Always clarify the exact measurements when buying or selling
3. Stove Cord:
   • Used in some areas to describe wood cut to fit in wood stoves
   • Typically shorter in length than standard cordwood
   • Exact dimensions can vary
4. Rank:
   • Used in some parts of the UK and Canada
   • Similar to a face cord, but dimensions may vary
5. Truck Load:
   • An imprecise measurement based on the capacity of a pickup truck
   • Can vary significantly depending on truck size and stacking method

When encountering these terms, always ask for specific dimensions to ensure you understand the quantity of wood being discussed.

Converting Between Different Firewood Measurements

To convert between different firewood measurements, use these guidelines:

1. Full Cord to Face Cord:
   • 1 full cord = approximately 3 face cords (assuming 16-inch log length)
2. Cubic Feet to Cord:
   • 1 cord = 128 cubic feet
   • To convert cubic feet to cords, divide by 128
3. Cubic Meters to Cord:
   • 1 cord ≈ 3.62 cubic meters
   • To convert cubic meters to cords, divide by 3.62
4. Tons to Cord:
   • Varies by wood species and moisture content
   • On average, 1 cord of hardwood ≈ 2 tons
   • For softwoods, 1 cord ≈ 1.5 tons

Remember that these conversions are approximate and can vary based on factors like wood species, piece size, and stacking method.

The Concept of ‘Green’ vs. ‘Seasoned’ Cords

When discussing firewood, the terms “green” and “seasoned” are often used to describe its moisture content:

Green Cord:

• Refers to freshly cut wood with high moisture content (usually over 50%)

• Burns less efficiently and produces more smoke
• Typically weighs more than a seasoned cord of the same wood species
• Requires seasoning before optimal use

Seasoned Cord:

• Wood that has been dried to a moisture content of 20% or less
• Burns more efficiently and produces less smoke
• Weighs less than a green cord of the same wood species
• Ready for immediate use

It’s important to note that the volume of a cord remains constant whether the wood is green or seasoned. However, the weight can decrease significantly as the wood dries. For example, a green cord of oak might weigh around 5,500 pounds, while the same cord when seasoned could weigh closer to 4,000 pounds.

When purchasing firewood, always clarify whether you’re getting green or seasoned wood, as this can significantly affect its immediate usability and overall value.

The Environmental Impact of Firewood Use

Sustainable Harvesting Practices

Using firewood as a heating source can be environmentally friendly if sustainable practices are followed:

1. Selective cutting: Harvest only mature or declining trees, leaving healthy trees to continue growing.
2. Diversity preservation: Maintain a diverse forest ecosystem by not over-harvesting any single species.
3. Reforestation: Plant new trees to replace those harvested for firewood.
4. Use of waste wood: Utilize wood from storm damage, land clearing, or tree trimming operations.
5. Local sourcing: Reduce transportation emissions by using locally sourced firewood.
6. Proper timing: Harvest during dormant seasons to minimize impact on wildlife and forest ecosystems.
7. Compliance with regulations: Follow local, state, and federal guidelines for timber harvesting.

Carbon Footprint of Firewood Compared to Other Heating Sources

When properly managed, firewood can have a lower carbon footprint compared to fossil fuel heating sources:

1. Carbon neutral potential: Trees absorb CO2 as they grow, offsetting the carbon released when burned.
2. Renewable resource: Unlike fossil fuels, trees can be replanted and regrown.
3. Local availability: Reduces transportation emissions compared to imported fossil fuels.
4. Energy independence: Reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources.

However, it’s important to consider:

• Inefficient burning can release more particulate matter and other pollutants.
• Large-scale firewood use could lead to deforestation if not properly managed.
• The carbon neutrality of firewood depends on sustainable forest management practices.

Best Practices for Environmentally Friendly Firewood Use

To minimize the environmental impact of using firewood:

1. Use efficient wood-burning appliances: Modern, EPA-certified stoves and fireplaces burn wood more completely, reducing emissions.
2. Burn only dry, seasoned wood: This reduces smoke and improves efficiency.
3. Maintain your chimney and stove: Regular cleaning and maintenance ensure optimal performance and safety.
4. Avoid burning treated or painted wood: These can release toxic chemicals when burned.
5. Use local wood sources: This reduces transportation emissions and helps prevent the spread of invasive species.
6. Practice sustainable harvesting: If cutting your own wood, follow sustainable forestry practices.
7. Consider supplemental heating: Use firewood in conjunction with other efficient heating methods to reduce overall consumption.
8. Properly size fires: Build fires appropriate for your heating needs to avoid wasting wood.

Safety Considerations When Handling and Burning Firewood

Proper Storage and Handling Techniques

Safe storage and handling of firewood are crucial for preventing accidents and maintaining wood quality:

1. Stacking safety:
   • Stack wood on a level surface to prevent toppling.
   • Keep stacks away from buildings to reduce fire risk and pest issues.
   • Limit stack height to a manageable level (typically no more than 4 feet).
2. Ergonomic handling:
   • Use proper lifting techniques to avoid back injuries.
   • Consider using a wheelbarrow or cart for moving wood.
   • Wear gloves to protect hands from splinters and debris.
3. Pest control:
   • Store wood away from the house to discourage pests from entering.
   • Elevate wood off the ground to reduce insect infestation.
   • Bring in only small amounts of wood at a time to minimize indoor pest issues.
4. Weather protection:
   • Cover the top of the woodpile to protect from rain and snow.
   • Allow for air circulation by leaving sides uncovered.
5. Tool safety:
   • Maintain sharp, well-maintained tools for splitting and cutting wood.
   • Use appropriate safety gear (gloves, safety glasses, sturdy footwear) when working with wood.

Fire Safety and Proper Wood-Burning Techniques

Ensuring safety when burning firewood is paramount:

1. Chimney maintenance:
   • Have your chimney inspected and cleaned annually.
   • Use a chimney cap to prevent animals and debris from entering.
2. Proper ignition:
   • Use only appropriate fire starters (never flammable liquids).
   • Build fires with dry kindling and gradually add larger pieces.
3. Fire management:
   • Never leave a fire unattended.
   • Keep flammable materials away from the fireplace or stove.
   • Use a fireplace screen to prevent sparks from escaping.
4. Ash disposal:
   • Allow ashes to cool completely before disposal.
   • Use a metal container for ash storage and disposal.
5. Ventilation:
   • Ensure proper ventilation to prevent carbon monoxide buildup.
   • Install and maintain carbon monoxide detectors in your home.
6. Appropriate fuel:
   • Burn only seasoned, untreated wood.
   • Avoid burning trash, plastic, or other non-wood materials.
7. Emergency preparedness:
   • Keep a fire extinguisher nearby and know how to use it.
   • Have an emergency plan in case of a chimney fire or other incident.

Health Considerations Related to Wood Smoke Exposure

While wood heating can be economical and enjoyable, it’s important to be aware of potential health impacts from wood smoke:

1. Particulate matter: Wood smoke contains fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs.
2. Toxic compounds: Burning wood releases various chemicals, including carbon monoxide and formaldehyde.
3. Respiratory issues: Prolonged exposure to wood smoke can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions.
4. Cardiovascular effects: Some studies suggest a link between wood smoke exposure and increased risk of heart disease.

To minimize health risks:

• Use an EPA-certified wood stove or fireplace insert for cleaner burning.
• Ensure proper ventilation in your home.
• Avoid burning wood on days with poor air quality.
• Consider alternative heating methods if you have pre-existing respiratory conditions.
• Keep indoor exposure to wood smoke to a minimum, especially for children and elderly individuals.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many pieces of wood are in a cord?

The number of pieces in a cord can vary significantly depending on the size of the individual pieces. On average, a cord might contain:

• 600-800 pieces if the wood is split to 12-16 inches in length and 3-6 inches in diameter.
• 400-600 pieces for slightly larger splits. Remember, these are rough estimates and can vary based on wood species, splitting method, and individual piece size.

How long does a cord of wood last?

The duration a cord of wood lasts depends on several factors:

• Frequency of use
• Efficiency of the wood-burning appliance
• Size of the space being heated
• Outside temperature
• Wood species (hardwoods generally burn longer than softwoods)

On average, a cord of wood might last 6-10 weeks when used as the primary heat source for a medium-sized home during a typical winter. However, this can vary widely based on the factors mentioned above.

Is it cheaper to buy wood by the cord or ton?

The cost-effectiveness of buying wood by the cord versus by the ton depends on several factors:

• Wood species (hardwoods are generally heavier per cord than softwoods)
• Moisture content (green wood weighs more than seasoned wood)
• Local pricing structures

In many cases, buying by the cord is more straightforward and easier to verify. However, if you’re familiar with the wood species and its characteristics, buying by weight can sometimes be more cost-effective, especially for denser woods.

Always compare prices and consider the intended use of the wood when deciding between cord and ton measurements. Remember to factor in the seasoning status of the wood, as green wood will weigh more per cord but provide less usable heat.

Conclusion

Understanding what a cord of firewood is and how to effectively use it is essential for anyone relying on wood heat or involved in the firewood trade. From its historical roots to modern applications, the cord remains a crucial unit of measurement, ensuring fair transactions and efficient use of this renewable resource. By considering factors such as wood species, seasoning, and proper stacking, along with environmental and safety considerations, you can make informed decisions about firewood use that balance efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. Whether you’re a homeowner, camper, or small-scale seller, this knowledge will serve you well in maximizing the benefits of firewood while practicing responsible resource management.

External Links:

1. U.S. Forest Service – Firewood and Forest Management: https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/forest-management/vegetation-management/firewood
2. Environmental Protection Agency – Burn Wise Program: https://www.epa.gov/burnwise
3. National Firewood Association – Firewood Information: https://nationalfirewoodassociation.org/firewood-information/
4. Cooperative Extension System – Heating with Wood: https://extension.org/heating-with-wood/